The analysis showed that clones with certain genetic changes prevail, especially in frequent donors. It is a group of special mutations in the DNMT3A gene. DNMT3A is crucially involved in the epigenetic program of the cell and, through its influence on gene activity, ensures that cells can adapt to changing conditions.

In a situation in which the body needs to replace lost blood as quickly as possible, the mutated cells have an advantage. Under the influence of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which is released in greater quantities after blood loss and therefore also after a blood donation, cells with these DNMT3A mutations can assert themselves against other stem cells and accumulate. “It's as if the body adapts to the challenge and favors certain gene variants that allow it to better deal with the stress after blood donation and replace the lost blood cells more quickly,” explains Darja Karpova (HI-STEM and DRK Blood Donation Service BaWü Hessen), the first author of the study.

Does this pose a risk to blood donors? The researchers give the all-clear. These particular mutations do not appear to disrupt the balance of normal blood formation, but merely improve the process of EPO-driven blood renewal after blood loss. In contrast to other known mutations in blood cells, there is no evidence that these changes increase the risk of leukemia or other diseases associated with clonal hematopoiesis.

"Frequent blood donations and the resulting stimulation of erythropoietin production play a central role in clonal evolution, which is driven by the stress of blood loss. This allows us to observe in real time how our body cells continuously adapt genetically to stressors,” summarizes Andreas Trumpp (DKFZ and HI-STEM), one of the study leaders, adding: ”Blood donations save lives – and even at the deepest molecular level, we see no evidence of an increased risk for donors. Our result now confirms decades of clinical observation with molecular data.”